Guru Arjan (1563–1606), the fifth Sikh Guru, played a pivotal role in consolidating Sikh identity. He compiled the Adi Granth (later Guru Granth Sahib), bringing together the sacred writings of Sikh Gurus and other saints including Baba Farid and Kabir. He constructed the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar as a symbol of openness and universalism. His martyrdom strengthened the Sikh community and his inclusive teachings promoted harmony, equality, and devotion beyond religious boundaries.