Mahavira (c. 599–527 BCE), the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, systematised and propagated the Jain religion. He emphasised Ahimsa (non-violence) as the highest moral and social principle, extending it to all living beings. Mahavira advocated strict observance of truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. Through his teachings on extreme non-violence, austerity, and ethical living, he shaped Jain philosophy and left a lasting impact on Indian culture’s emphasis on compassion and respect for all forms of life.